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The article considers an approach that allows to reduce the asymmetry of consumed currents by traction substations of railways from a three-phase power supply system using a compensating device with an asymmetric structure installed at the substation. Reactive currents of the compensating device allow to redistribute between phases of the traction transformer active and reactive power of asymmetric traction load and to receive symmetric load of three-phase power supply system. The theorem is proposed to determine the conductivities and reactive currents of the branches of a compensating device with an asymmetric structure depending on the traction loads. The article presents the calculated expressions, which can be used to calculate the conductivity and reactive currents of the branches of the compensating device for any traction load of the feeders, in which the equivalent load, including the reactive currents of the branches of the device and the currents of the feeder zones will be symmetrical and active. As an example of the application of the theorem and the proposed expressions, a test problem is presented in which the secondary winding of a traction transformer with asymmetric traction load of feeders is considered, the conductivity of the branches of the device is calculated. With the use of vector diagrams shows the receipt of a symmetrical system of currents of the secondary winding of the traction transformer. Mathematical expressions allowing to realize the necessary law of regulation of reactive currents of the device are given. The necessary ranges control of reactive currents of the compensating device on traction substation on the set probabilistic laws of change of traction loadings are defined. Various options for the practical implementation of a compensating device that will provide the necessary inductive or capacitive current of each branch are considered.